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  TBM Tunneling by EPB Method under Shallow Soft Ground

  The Railways Bosphorus Tube Crossing-Tunnels and Stations of the Marmaray Project is an underground route of 13.6 km, consisting of twin bored tunnels for a length of 9.7 km. The so-called TBM-1 Tunnels, constituting 2.4 km of the bored tunnels, are located between Yedikule and Yenikapı sites, which is a highly overcrowded urban area of the Istanbul City. The TBM-1 Tunnels have been driven by Earth Pressure Balance (EPB) type TBM under a shallow cover of 8 to 15 m of saturated soft ground. The settlement prediction made with respect to an assumed 1% volume loss demonstrates a general conformity with the measured ground settlements of tunneling whereas there have been noticeable deviations at some particular sections, for which clarifications are searched through a geological assessment. The experience acquired with this urban tunneling is introduced in the present paper together with a particular assessment of the measured settlements.

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