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  The Use of Macro-synthetic FRS for Safe Underground Hard Rock Support

  Numerous changes in technology and procedures have progressively been implemented over recent years with the objective of reducing hazards in underground excavations and enhancing long-term performance. Among the most significant in terms of improved safety during construction has been the introduction of Fibre Reinforced Shotcrete (FRS) using remotely operated equipment as this has dramatically reduced the risk of death and injury for underground workers. The subsequent adoption of macro-synthetic FRS has led to further improvements in safety as a result of the superior toughness, long term performance retention, and durability this material exhibits compared to alternatives. This paper examines how the properties of macro-synthetic fibre reinforcement influence safety in underground hard rock excavations with a particular focus on the role of lining ductility at large deformations in preventing sudden brittle failure

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