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  Use of Spile Umbrellas for Load Transfer and Prevention of Settlements

  For sprayed concrete tunnelling in loose soils, spiles and face-bolts are often employed as micro pile systems to stabilise the roof and the face of the tunnel. In this paper, four different construction methods of spile umbrellas will be presented for which extensive site measurements are available. These results will be compared with values from numerical simulations on a three-dimensional finite element model, which is calibrated on the above-mentioned headings. With the calibrated numerical model, the load bearing behaviour of the spile umbrellas can be shown with differentiation of the longitudinal and transversal load-bearing effect.

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