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  Comparison of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Highway Tunnels of China and Norway

  New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM) is criticized for its heavy use of concrete in thick tunnel lining, which results in more energy consumption and GHG emissions. The paper obtained the Q-values of various rock mass grades using empirical calculation formulas and calculated the GHG emissions of 1-m Chinese highway tunnel and Norwegian tunnel. The GHG emissions from tunnel lining and the carbon reduction effect through declining carbon emission levels of electricity grid were evaluated. The result shows that the emission level of the Chinese highway tunnel is four times more than that of the Norwegian tunnel in the life cycle. It is a fact that the Chinese tunnel consumes more concrete but less electricity compared with the Norwegian tunnel. The most challenging problem for the carbon reduction of Chinese tunnel is the high emission level of China's electric power industry. The emission level of 1-m tunnel lining in the case ranges from 3.6 t CO2eq to 6.9t CO2eq.

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