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  Sprayed concrete composite tunnel lining – load sharing between the primary and secondary lining, and its benefit in reducing the structural thickness of the lining

  Compression core tests and flexural beam tests have been carried out using sprayed waterproof membrane sandwiched samples to obtain shear strength parameters at the sprayed waterproof membrane interface. These are inputted into LS-DYNA software to model realistic load sharing behaviour of a composite lining structure. This paper presents the findings and observations in load sharing between the primary and the secondary lining when composite action is considered in lining design.

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