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  The design philosophy for permanent sprayed concrete linings

  Permanent sprayed concrete linings (PSCL) have existed in various forms for many decades but the technology has recently taken significant strides forwards with adoption on several major projects in the UK, most notably, Crossrail. This paper will review the key elements of the design philosophies that underpin current applications of PSCL in soft ground conditions. Achieving this transition required the combination of a set of interrelated technological advances, such as the use of laser survey to control profile for excavation and spraying, omission of lattice girders and mesh, fibre reinforcement, permanent sprayed concrete and spray applied waterproofing membranes. These technologies were accompanied by design assumptions which were governed by the available knowledge at the time as well as project specific constraints. By reviewing these assumptions and design methods, it is possible to map out the path for future significant improvements in PSCL.

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