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  Solving Tunnel External Loads Based on Betti’s Reciprocal Theorem

  Soft ground tunnels are vulnerable to a variety of defects during operation. With rapid development of urban rail systems worldwide, especially in China, tunnel structural health assessment has brought extensive attention. Surrounded by soils and groundwater, tunnels are different from bridges, buildings, roadways and other above-ground structures due to the uncertainties associated with the external loads. Assessment of the uncertain external loads is one of the major challenges for tunnel health assessment. This paper introduces a new method based on Betti’s theorem of reciprocal work to the solve tunnel external loads with the structural deformation as inputs. The method is verified by both finite element simu-lations and laboratory experiment.

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