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  Tunnelling Experiences in the Andes Mountain Range

  During the 1940’s, Terzaghi defined different ground behavior applicable to tunnel design and con- struction. Failure mechanisms in tunnels anticipated by Terzaghi have occurred in a number of underground works excavated by conventional drill-and-blast methods as well as TBMs in the An- des Mountain Range. In this article, a number of case histories are presented where the authors have been directly involved, including a review of the evolution of design criteria and construction methods adopted in the past four decades to overcome geotechnical problems regarding phenom- ena such as squeezing and swelling ground, loosening ground, flowing ground and popping phe- Nomena.

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