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Abstract: The observational method as a practical engineering approach in tunnelling projects allows the designer to employ formal approaches towards design uncertainties by the installation of appropriate monitoring system and allows design optimization during construction. In this research, firstly characteristics, limitations, problems and hazards of Niayesh road tunnel project...
Abstract: Population growth in most cities leads to increase in demand of implementing surface and subsurface infrastructures. Tunnel excavation causes the deformation in surface and subsurface infrastructures. In addition, existence of structures takes effect on the movements of ground which are occurred by the tunnelling. Therefore, evaluation of the interaction between tunnel and surface structures,...