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  Development of a geological model for a base tunnel

  The 11.25 km long Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel is located in Punjab Himalaya in Kashmir, India. The base tunnel was excavated from 2005 to 2011 and has been in operation since 2013. The geological model was developed in several steps in accordance to the different project stages. During the tender design stage, the preliminary model was completed after geological field mapping. At this stage, the geological model was changed extensively, particularly the distribution of the ground types and classification of the main structures (folds, faults & other discontinuities). Following that, but still during the tender design stage, two drilling campaigns were carried out and the geological model was again updated according to the results of these campaigns. The uncertainty of the geological model at the tunnel level was therefore reduced significantly. During construction, regular face mapping was carried out. After completion of the excavation works, the geological model of the entire range was updated using the findings obtained during construction.

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