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  Application of the hardening soil model during underground Excavation analysis - case study line 2 metro of Mashhad

  By increasing population in urban areas, transportation supplement, increase too, and best solution for this problem is underground transportation. Usually Tunnel excavation accompanies by considerable changes in situ stress condition around the tunnel. One of the most important effects of this soil distribution is surface settlement. This unwarranted surface settlement in shallow tunnels is very important since this displacement might be damage to existing structures. So researchers have explored settlement and its subsequent effects. Tunnel excavation in unstable soil layers with high underground water level has been a problem in urban areas that experts suggest TBM-EPB excavation method in this condition. Vertical displacements due to tunnel excavation always have been a problem in tunnel industry. EPB-TBM is a common way to overcome this problem. There are some Features have an effect on surface settlement due to tunneling in soft ground. These parameters involve soil relaxation near face excavation, soil movement around the shield, convergence of soil near tail shield, long-term settlement due to creep or consolidation phenomena in adhesive soils. Exact prediction of soil behavior due to tunneling, special vertical displacements has not been solved and sometimes it is a complex issue in mix ground. Many investigators suggested empirical, analytical and physical model that almost all of them debated about this problem. The most common empirical relation was suggested by Peck. That is a semi empirical relation that can predict the 3D shape of surface settlement by a Gaussian shape in transverse and longitudinal section. Numerical methods were preferred in particular geometry or mix ground condition .Utilize of numerical method such as finite element and finite different were performed by Lambrughi and Hassanpour that in theirs models consider all paramters involve in TBM excavation. To perceive the real behavior of soil in tunnel excavation and its mechanism a comprehensive review of the physical model was performed by Meguid with details .

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