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  Boundary Element Simulation of Tunneling Induced Pile Settlement

  Tunneling induced damage to adjacent structures is likely to delay construction schedule, increase construction cost, and generate negative community and political impacts. The increasing demand for urban tunneling in densely developed underground areas and the associated economic and political risks lead designers to seek tools for accurate predicts of tunneling induced damage to adjacent structures and to mitigate the risks through design before construction begins. This paper presents a boundary element method (BEM) for predicting pile settlement to tunneling induced ground movement. The BEM simulates the piles using cylindrical shaft elements, annular tip ele-ments, and annular discontinuity elements. The soil-pile interaction under external loads and/or ground movement is governed by the deformation compatibility equation of pile-soil interface, force equilibrium equation of piles, deformation compatibility equation of pile heads and caps, and force equilibrium equation of pile heads and caps. The BEM was applied to predict the settlement of piles supporting Manhattan Bulkhead during tunneling which is part of the project, Trans-Hudson Express Tunnels, located in New Jersey and New York, USA. Parametric studies are per-formed on ground loss volume ratio associated with tunneling. Engineering design recommenda-tions were made for the protection of the Bulkhead during construction based on the BEM simula-tion results. Bulkheads

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