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  Design of Segmental Tunnel Linings for Serviceability Limit State

  Precast segmental linings are increasingly used in the mechanized tunneling methods using TBM-
  bored shield tunnels. Tunnel segments are designed following the approach of limit state design
  recommended by national and international codes and guidelines. Ultimate limit state (ULS) and
  serviceability limit state (SLS) are specified in these design codes. The former focuses mostly on
  the ultimate capacity of a structure prior to failure, while the latter is mainly associated with the
  availability of a structure for users, such as the constraints on deflection or deformation and
  cracking of a member under loading. The serviceability condition is particularly important for
  tunnel linings, because cracking can be very detrimental for its consequences in terms of durability,
  especially if the tunnel is exposed to an aggressive environment. In this paper, required
  serviceability verifications for the design life of precast concrete segmental linings are discussed.
  Necessary design checks for SLS are introduced including stress, deformation and cracking of
  precast segments, as well as stress and deformation of joints. Particular attention is taken to crack
  width calculation in conventional and fiber reinforced concrete segments using different standard
  methods. Maximum allowable crack width for tunnel linings specified in various guidelines and
  standards are presented. Finally a case of mid-size tunnel is presented to illustrate the applicability
  of the proposed approach.

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