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  Observational approaches in tunneling: some thoughts

  Doubtless, tunnel design involves much higher uncertainties than any other civil engineering work. There is no other field where construction and design are so inseparable as in the underground structures. Often, the knowledge of the geological structure, the hydro-geological conditions, the mechanical properties and the behavior of the soil/rock is only fulfilled during the tunnel excavation. The need to draw up a solution based only on the knowledge available at the time of the design phase can easily be unsafe or uneconomic. In tunnelling the reduction of uncertainties progresses during excavation. This information can be used to modify the original design and construction procedures to comply with the actual conditions following an “observational approach”. This paper focuses on the key issues of the observational approaches and describes two case histories of application consistent with Peck’s “best way out” approach.

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