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  Cost-Effective Safety for Road Tunnels

  Safe design and operation of underground infrastructures at times require a disproportionate amount of resources without a reasonable return in terms of safety. Examples include overly sophisticated design, which results in high maintenance costs and excessive operational complexity, which cannot be adequately managed by the exploitation staff. Conversely, oversimplified design mostly leads to poor safety and to very expensive renovations. A balance between partly contradictory requirements must be sought for from the initial design phases on and must account for the whole life cycle of the different components. Human factors need to be considered with regards to both tunnel users and tunnel operating staff. Although the behavior of drivers in tunnels is seen as paramount to tunnel safety, little evidence in practice is seen on how to deal with this effectively.

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