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  Ventilation of Rail Tunnels – State-of-the-Art and Trends

  New rail tunnels are very frequently equipped with emergency ventilation systems, while the vast majority of existing tunnels are still naturally ventilated. This paper reviews the technical and historical reasons, which led to this situation and illustrates the major issues to be accounted for while assessing the need for a ventilation system for a rail tunnel. The main requirements to be accounted for are generally related to normal operation, tunnel maintenance and emergency operation. Two distinct phases of emergency ventilation must be distinguished: selfrescue and intervention. The analysis carried out for a number of ongoing projects showed, that mechanical ventilation systems frequently represent an essential link of the safety chain, particularly during self-rescue. The main ventilations systems are reviewed and guidance for ventilation design is provided.

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