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  Pressure design in unlined tunnels and shafts

  Unlined tunnels and underground powerhouses have been constructed in Norway starting from the end of World War I in 1919. From the valuable experience gained through the design, construction and operation of tunnels in the past 100 years in Norway, unlined pressure tunnels have been developed reaching 1046 m hydrostatic head for Nye-Tyin hydropower project being a world record at present. In this paper, the possibility to develop high pressure unlined tunnel and shaft with even higher static heads has been looked at being exemplified with the Nye-Tyin hydroelectric project. In this regard, different design principles and approaches have been applied being based on empirical, deterministic, numerical analyses as well as using other sources of design principles to ensure safety against hydraulic fracturing and uplift.

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