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  Static and dynamic response of circular tunnels withcavities behind the lining

  Cavities may be produced behind the lining due to improper backfilling, water erosion, or poor quality. Literature confirms that the creation of cavities is one of the primary reasons for the failure of tunnels. This paper presents experimental results of the cavity-induced ground movement, shear strain, and changes in the stress states of the lining. The effects of cavities with different sizes and locations have been explored and compared to the case of full contact. The shaking table has been used to produce uniform earthquake waves and a highspeed camera to record the displacement of ground particles. The images were then analyzed through the particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique to compute the ground movement. The results show that cavities cause substantial changes in ground movement and large shear strain, resulting in progressive failure of the surrounding ground that may follow additional damage to the lining. The cavities also change the internal strain, which further worsens by increasing the size of the loose portion. Severe concrete cracking or even complete failure can happen as the internal strain may change from compression to tension and vice versa.

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