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  Settlement Induced by Metro Tunnelling and Countermeasures in Xi'an, China

  Pre-grouting has been widely employed in the metro construction, especially in Loess tunnels, due to the potential hazards of ground deformation. In order to investigate the effect of pre-grouting in Loess, the in-situ deformation of building and surface was monitored during the tunnelling of Xi'an metro in China. Results show that the settlement can be reduced substantially with pre-grouting to stabilize the soil ahead by setting up long pipe. Simultaneously dividing process of measurements has a positive effect to control subsidence in time. The ultimate subsidence is 16 mm, meeting the requirements. Besides, the finite element method was used and it was found that the subsidence occurs mainly in the period of the construction of left line, which gets closer to the building. Compared with in-situ monitoring, the deformation of numerical model is larger while their change rules coincided. Combined the results of field test and numerical simulation, the authors proposed that before the excavation of each stage, the deep pre-grouting should be employed, also the more frequent displacement monitoring of surface and tunnel must be implemented.

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