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  Numerical simulation of the effect of cross passage excavation on surface settlement

  Soil behavior at the intersection of a main tunnel and a cross passage is a complex, three-dimensional problem and only threedimensional methods can provide a complete analysis of the stresses and displacements occurring in the environment surrounding the opening. The present study uses 3D numerical analysis to investigate the surface settlement and the extent of the plastic zone generated after the excavation of a cross passage from the main tunnel. Furthermore, a parametric study was performed using different parameters to examine their influence on the excavation of a cross passage.

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