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  Monitoring of a Himalayan Landslide to Understand Failure Mechanism and

  The project Udhampur Srinagar Baramulla Rail Link (USBRL) covers aprox. 300 km of railway in the lesser Himalaya, between Jammu, Srinagar and ahead. It crosses several mountain ridges with tens of tunnels and several stations. A paleo-landslide was activated after excavation works at the Sumber Station, near the town of Ramban. The paper presents the investigations and the monitoring leading to the development of geomechanical model of the landslide. The concept was developed after an initial estimate of the landslide extent through tracing of tension cracks and detachment niches on site. The spatial extension and the temporal evolution of the observed landslide movements were verified by the SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) Interferometry technique. Two pairs of boreholes, upslope and downslope on the landslide body were drilled by either core recovering or destructive method. Inclinometers and piezometers were installed to assess the slope’s internal deformation and landslide depth and to evaluate the groundwater regime. The rainfalls are still monitored through a simplified pluviometer. The landslide was constantly monitored through a series of geodetic monitoring targets. A strong influence of the rainfall was interpreted, based on the behaviour of the landslide movements and the correlation between the data of inclinometer, monitoring targets and pluviometric/piezomettric data. The bedrock depth was found deeper than considered in initial estimations and the inclinometers indicated a deep-seated failure mechanism, extending up to the toe of the valley.

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