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  Fundamental study on a three-dimensional seismic reflection method in tunnels

  We are developing a seismic reflection method as a convenient, portable method of surveying rock and geological conditions ahead of tunnel faces. In this paper, a round of verification experiment conducted during actual tunnel construction is described, and then the characteristics of the three-dimensional measurements obtained are discussed. Four arrangements of three-dimensional seismometers were installed at the same station in the tunnel. Then, we examined their measurement characteristics by comparing the time and frequency domain waveforms. Threedimensional hodograms are used to visualize the propagation paths from data obtained at onset and use the result to evaluate the accuracy of direct wave detection. Finally, we turn our attention to a stratum boundary encountered at the tunnel face during subsequent tunneling. With three-dimensional hodograms of reflection wave (P-wave) arrival times, we confirm that the waves arrived from the expected direction.

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