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  Face instability and surface settlements in shallow tunnels under seepage flow

  In the present paper, the effect of face instability on the surface settlements of a shallow tunnel driven in cohesive- frictional soils, under seepage flow conditions was studied numerically. A three-dimensional finite element model was created, and several coupled analyses were performed employing elastic-perfectly plastic soil material. A parametric study was also done to investigate the effect of soil strength parameters on the movement propagations of soil around the face with insufficient support pressure. The resulted surface settlements were evaluated by using building codes, and it was found that for soils of high friction angle, surface settlement was acceptable even failure occurred in the face. Comparing the settlements of the shallow tunnel driven in soils with low friction angles and for different safety factors, the necessity of appropriate safety factor was highlighted.

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