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  An Application of the Observational Method to Deal with Sudden Water Level Changes: The 4 Tunnels for the Extension of the Line 1 of the Milan Subway

  The extension of the line 1 of the Milan Subway to the N-E outskirts of city involved the execution of 4 bored tunnels for a global length nearly 2 km in difficult geotechnical and hydrogeological context. The tunnels are built using conventional tunneling systems with a partial-face excavation. The work was found to be extremely complex for the presence of incoherent soil (sand and gravel) in an extremely variable hydrogeological context with water table level suddenly changing of some meters in a few months. In order to overcome these critical issues and assure greater safety and continuity of the works, the Contractor and its Consultant developed a Detailed Design based on the Observational Method, which considered several possible hydrogeological scenarios and staged excavations over small stretches.

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