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  Characteristics and Comparison of Various Seismic Sources for Tunnel Seismic Prediction Method

  Exploration ahead of tunnel face is vital to mitigate the unknown risk during tunnel excavation. In tunnel site where the usage of explosive is prohibited or limited, other methods are considered as seismic source for tunnel seismic prediction (TSP). The applicability of non-explosive and hammer as seismic source was analyzed by comparing explosive, non-explosive and hammer prediction result at same geological condition. Explosive and non-explosive methods able to detect the boundaries of risk level 3 fault zone and highly jointed discontinuity that are more than 5m width with reasonable degree of accuracy. For hammer prediction, the signal-to-noise ratio is remarkably low but when comparing the result with explosive method, both results shows similar trend of P-wave velocity. However, small signal to noise ratio and scattered seismic attenuation of non-explosive and hammer method could affect the reliability of prediction range.

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