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  Research on Settlement Characteristics and Calculation of Immersed Tunnels with Soft Foundation

  For the settlement characteristics and calculation of immersed tunnels with soft foundation, there is no sound experience for reference. Foundation settlement analysis method and design-parameter selection are important for large immersed tunnel design and construction, especially for tunnels with soft bed.The Dalian Bay Immersed Tunnel, with a full length of 3080m, consists of thirteen 180m-longstraight elements and five 148m-long curved elements. For such a long immersed tunnel, excessive and uneven settlement along the tunnel alignment under discontinuous geotechnical conditions may cause serious leakage, and this should be prevented.Based on geological characteristics of this project and previous experience, natural ground sections are paved with a 1.3m gravel layer made of 75-20 mm sized stones. This paper uses a finite element model with Plaxis 2D numerical software to analyse the tunnel element settlement during the whole construction process: trench excavation, cushion bedding, element immersion, and lock filling. Four typical tunnel sections are chosen for numerical simulation. The distribution of horizontal foundation stiffness is obtained. Key Words: Immersed tunnel; Foundation treatment; Foundation stiffness; Numerical simulation.

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