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  Integration of yielding elements in various computational methods for calculations in different planning and construction phases

  Squeezing behavior in tunneling can occur through weak ground and high overburden. It results in high convergences at the tunnel cavity. The integration of yielding elements into the sprayed concrete lining is a well-proved method to prevent the overloading of sprayed concrete linings. The predefined load-deformation behavior of the yielding elements enables a planned ground deformation of the cavity. This results in a redistribution and reduction of the ground stresses and shall prevent the sprayed concrete lining from failure.In the meantime the installation of yielding elements is state of the art in conventional tunneling. However, there is still no common procedure in consideration of yielding elements in calculations at different planning and construction phases. This paper presents calculations on the use of yielding elements, which are presented in an analytical convergence-confinement-method and in 2D and 3D numerical models. The load-deformation behavior of yielding elements was previously determined in experimental investigations. Implementation strategies of the load-deformation behavior of the yielding elements are presented and analyzed in three calculation methods. In the convergence confinement method, linearized stiffness development is considered as a function of the load-deformation behavior of the yielding elements. A new approach of considering spring-elements for describing the load-deformation behavior of the yielding elements is presented for the numerical calculations.

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