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  A Design Framework for TBM Face Equilibrium in Permeable Ground

  support pressure is an abstract representation of the combined effects of partial excavation, ground reinforcement, and the different support elements. The use of closed-face tunnel boring machines (TBM) changed this perspective, as the magnitude of pressures acting on the excavation boundary could be controlled in a more direct way. The pressures stabilize the tunnel face while in front of the TBM the ground is excavated as the cutterhead rotates and the cutting tools scrape the ground from the tunnel face. Additives are injected to condition the excavated material. Water, polymers, bentonite, and foam can be used as additives under different conditions . The loosened ground with additives, herein referred to as the mixture, flows through the openings at the cutterhead and into the excavation chamber.

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