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  Optimised Design and Construction of Norwegian Underground Hydro Schemes: a case study of the Smisto Hydropower Project

  The 68 MW Smisto underground hydropower project is currently under construction and is an example of high head low discharge hydropower. The contractor is executing the project under an EPC contract, which includes approximately 25 km of tunnels, two underground hydropower stations and seven shafts. This paper describes how the project has been made economic by combining design elements such as unlined high-pressure tunnels and shafts and underwater intake lake tap together with long and steep tunnel headings of minimum cross-section. The paper presents the technical challenges of the project from a design and construction perspective and describes the status of the construction works.

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