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  Behavior of the fragmental rocks during the tunnel excavation

  When a tunnel is excavated, the ground around a tunnel deforms locally and the deformation shape can be influenced by the ground characteristics, the tunnel size and the excavating order. In general, when the bench cut or full face cutting is used by tunnelling, the uniform deformation shape would be occurred above a tunnel crown. Terzaghi(1954) demonstrated that the ground arching (Murayama 1968, Adachi 2001) could be developed by the local uniform ground deformation in the trap door tests. But, the convex deformation would be occurred above a tunnel crown in case of cave-in at the shoulder, side-drift or punching failure at the side wall. Thus, when the cave-in or tension crack is occurred at the tunnel crown or top-drift on tunnelling, the ground deforms in a concave shape curve.

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