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  Water Control of Vertical Shaft in Singapore

  Underground space development is crucial to meet the increasing demand for space in many populated areas, e.g., in Singapore, which has a total population over 5 million and land area just over 700 km2. Due to its relatively flat terrain, vertical shaft is in general the major solu-tion of construction access to deep underground for development of underground space in rock caverns. The occurrence of water may greatly influence the shaft design and construction and in the longer term, the durability of the structure and its maintenance cost. Different from tunnels there is no natural way out for the water leaked into a shaft.

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