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  Major Cavity Formation and its Rehabilitation measures in Head Race Tunnel of RHEP-412 MW

  Hydropower projects developed in mountainous regions throughout the world are generally associated with adverse and challenging geological conditions which in some cases manifest themselves into formation of large underground cavities. Formation of large underground cavities is broadly associated with either weak rock conditions which are very common in complex geological environment or structural aspects of rock mass i.e. the orientation of major prevailing foliation trend. Rampur Hydroelectric Project (RHEP) is located in northwestern part of Lesser Himalayas and is also associated with complex geological formations having considerable anisotropy associated with different types of rock formations. Most of the head race tunnel of RHEP was excavated in poor to good rock conditions in correspondence to occurrences of different rock formations. The present paper mainly describes weak/ extremely poor rock conditions and their associated cavities that were encountered during heading excavation of downstream part of head race tunnel from Kasholi which also forms a critical part of 15.177 Km long HRT at RHEP.

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