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  Principles of Non-Deformable Support System

  Swelling and squeezing rocks have different deformation mechanisms. However, significant deformations may occur in both rock types in tunnelling. Deciding the support system in swelling and squeezing rocks is one of the big challenging issues for rock engineers. Because there are many facts and problems has to be considered as/like the support type, the performance of the support, the support element, the rock parameters, the condition of the rock structure and creating an appropriate support strategy. Besides all these issues, parameters like excavation geometry, round length (distance from face to closed the support) and excavation rate affect the support performance directly. The TH type steel supports, which were used in deep underground mine headings at old times, are started to be used as “yield-control support system” in tunnels recently. However, sliding ability of the TH steel support allows cross-section contractions. If convergence amount can’t be calibrated, re-shaping studies have to be done at the excavated areas due to the occurrence of time-dependent creeps especially in swelling and squeezing rocks.

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