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  Arching depending on the deformation of the tunnel face

  Tunnel excavation leads to ground deformation due to the stress redistribution around the tunnel face, causing differences in lateral and longitudinal directions. This arching effect is expected to change the size and shape depending on deformations in the tunnel face. Thus, this study attempted to analyze the arching effects and behaviors of the near ground depending on displacements in the tunnel face though model testers and experiments to stimulate homogeneous or inhomogeneous deformations in the tunnel face (Lee, 2013).

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