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  Settlement behaviour of Immersed tunnels on sand bed; monitoring and analysis

  Immersed tunnels that are founded on a sand bed with the sand under flow method show long term settlements; more than had been expected prior. At the Vlake tunnel in 2001 due to differential settlements this has lead to overloading of the collar structure in a segmental joint causing water and sand inflow. In this paper long term settlements as derived from monitoring of a number of different tunnels for different periods after construction have been evaluated using an empirical model to described densification effects. Based on this back-analysis it seems likely that due to the low relative density, cyclic loading due to heavy trucks causes densification of the sand foundation bed. The low relative density was deduced re-evaluating cpt tests that had been done after immersion of the Vlake tunnel in 1972. Parties involved with maintenance and control of immersed tunnels are advised to monitor the long term settlement behaviour of their tunnel.

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