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  Use of the IMPL-EX Integration Scheme to Simulate Sequential Excavation with the Finite Element Method

  In this work the implicit-explicit integration scheme - IMPL-EX - is used to improve the robustness and to accelerate the non-linear analysis for sequential excavation problems in tunneling simulation, since it allows only two iterations per time step, at most, for convergence. The tunneling process is modeled with the finite element method, and the sequential excavation steps are simulated by applying a penalty in the excavated regions such that the contribution of their stiffness matrices vanishes. The advantage of this approach is that it avoids the need to rebuild the finite element mesh for every excavation step. 2D and 3D examples of deep excavation in rock are shown. To simulate the nonlinear rock behaviour, Drucker-Prager and Mohr-Coulomb yield criteria are used.

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