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Abstract: Riyadh Metro Line 5 is currently under construction by FAST Consortium. It crosses the city centre with a tunnel length of 13.2 km, mostly TBM excavated, involving also major deep surface excavations to suit 12 underground stations, 3 TBM launching/exit shafts and 12 functional shafts. The stations initially required the excavation of rectangular boxes of around 140x27 m, up to 29 m deep. The...