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Abstract: In subsea tunnel constructions, where water pressure is higher than 20 bars, the convention grouting technologies are restricted to apply because they cannot implement appropriate water cut-off. For these extreme conditions, the artificial ground freezing (AGF) method can be an effective alternative, especially for constructing cross passages of a subsea tunnel through highly-fractured fault...
Abstract: Various kinds of geological surveys, such as drillings, geological mapping, and geophysical surveys, are generally conducted to clarify the ground condition of the proposed tunnel route and/or the existence of anomalies to allow proper design of the tunnel. The geological survey performed in the design step mostly focuses on estimating the overall ground condition or underground geological...
Abstract: The tunnel boring machine (TBM) system, the most representative mechanized tunneling method, has been widely adopted in numerous tunneling projects. It is also quite environmentally friendly, exhibiting minimized noise and vibration when compared with conventional tunneling methods. Moreover, it provides considerable economic benefits that allow for high advance rate for long drives during...