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Abstract: The base tunnels crossing the Karavanke mountain range, located at the border between Austria and Slovenia, have a rich history in finding a proper tunnel construction methodology. Both, railway tunnel, constructed in 1906, and road tunnel, constructed in 1991, faced the most difficult conditions in extremely weak Permo-carboniferous rocks with overburden between 500 m and 1100 m. Such rock...
Abstract: In the past showed, that underground facilities are considered as less susceptible on seismic loading or on earthquakes, especially if we compare them with the construction facilities at the surface, but the associated risk may be high, since even a low level of damage may affect the serviceability of a wide network [1]. Because of the geometrical and material complexity of the soil-structures...