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Abstract: Increasing demand on infrastructures increases attention to shallow soft ground tunneling methods in urbanized areas. Unlike motorway tunnel, sewerage tunnel and other infrastructure tunnels, generally metro tunnels have to been excavated as twin tunnels and large diameter. Also, metro tunnels have shallow depth. Due to shallow depth, metro tunnels generally have been constructed in weak rocks...
Abstract: The first construction of Istanbul metro network was started in 1992 and opened to public in October 2000. Uskudar-Umraniye-Cekmekoy metro project (UUCMP) is a part of this network and subjects this study. The project started on March 2012 and is still under construction. The project owner is Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality and contractor is Dogus Construction Corporation. UUCMP will...