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Abstract: Swelling of rocks is a common phenomenon in the Andean Region, due to the presence of volcano-sedimentary units containing clays, typically from the smectite group as part of the rock matrix. Hence, a comprehensive rock mass characterization has to be made in order to evaluate the risk of underground works located in this kind of geological environment....
Abstract: Swelling in rocks is a behaviour that produces “time-dependent volume increase of the rock mass, leading to inward movement of the tunnel perimeter” (Barla [1], Einstein [2]). Since this behaviour can be produced by different means (mainly clay bearing rocks, joint gouge material containing swelling clay minerals and anhydrite transforming to gypsum), the typical rock mass classification...