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Abstract: Semmering Base Tunnel, one of the major infrastructure projects in Europe, consists of two 27.3 km long single-track tunnels, numerous cross passages and a complex underground emergency station with two, more than 420 m deep, shafts. Temporary access is provided by a 1.2 km long access tunnel, with two 120 m subsurface shafts, and two 100 m shafts from the surface. Various types...