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Abstract: One of the major environmental impacts related to blasting operation in tunnelconstruction is ground vibration. The elastic energy which is at a level less than the energy requiredto break the rock, increases the ground vibration. Ground vibration is a matter of great concern as itmay cause damage to the existing adjacent structures depending upon the intensity and duration ofvibration. The...
Abstract: Tunneling operation in congested urban areas becomes more frequent as demand for further utiliz-ing underground spaces grows. In urban settings, it is not uncommon for tunnel designers to plan a tunnel route in close proximity to other structures to satisfy other competing objectives like rais-ing the alignment to reduce excavation volume. Setting the alignment close to existing structures...