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Abstract: The immersed tunnelling technique (Figure 1) is widely used for river or sea crossings. An immersed tunnel consists of precast tunnel elements. The immersion joints, which are connecting tunnel elements, are the weakest units of the whole tunnel (C. Ingerslev, 2010, J. Baber et al., 2011). According to the stiffness ratio of the joint to the element, immersion joints can be divided into three...
Abstract: Shaking table, which was developed for structural engineering, was also applied to pile foundation in geotechnical engineering ( Meymand, 1998). Yang et.al (2004) applied structural shaking table to test the seismic behaviour of metro tunnel. It was believed that long tunnel would suffer from more