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  Recommendations for Pseudo-static Deformation for Seismic Analyses of Tunnels

  Seismic design of tunnels requires in-depth knowledge of ground and seismic properties. Current practice in seismic design evolved from keystone papers in literature while a wide variety of applications scattered from these papers can be found in case studies. In this paper, practical pin-point recommendations are presented for important points in selecting and applying seismic loads. Simple charts and a Python code for effective shear wave velocity are given and shortcomings of the existing methodology to reduce the peak ground velocity with respect to depth are emphasized. Lastly, recommendations on the proper implementation of pseudo-static deformation method in FEM are given regarding the model size and prescribed deformation profile. Sensitivity analyses have shown the importance of each parameter on the model response.

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