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  Progress in Small Diameter Tunnelling: Challenges and Technology

  Small diameter tunnels are constructed for a large variety of applications. As safety aspects in mechanized tunnelling have gained more and more importance during the recent years, unmanned procedures like pipe jacking have taken over in the smaller diameters. It is nowadays a complementary tunnelling method in the diameter range of up to four meters, formerly covered by segmental lining TBMs. At the same time, latest safety regulations have tightened requirements regarding machine diameter and accessibility with considerable impact on segment lining logistics. This paper will point out factors to be considered when choosing the most suitable tunnelling technology for a specific project. It will discuss the restrictions faced when segment lining is the preferred construction method for diameters smaller than ID 3000mm. The evaluation of pipe jacking as an alternative technology and combined solutions for specific project conditions will also be covered.

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